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摘要:目前，钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率已超过25%，飞速提升的效率使得人们越来越期待商业化的应用，但钙钛矿材料的稳定性问题却是其商业化所面临的最大挑战，准二维钙钛矿有望解决这一问题。利用大的有机间隔阳离子的疏水性和热稳定性，以及更高的晶体形成能和更加稳固的结构，准二维钙钛矿能够有效提高钙钛矿的稳定性。此外，准二维钙钛矿对钙钛矿薄膜的形态也具有明显的改善作用，可代替反溶剂工程，简化工艺，满足钙钛矿的工业化生产要求。然而，由于绝缘的有机间隔阳离子导致的相对大的带隙和低的载流子迁移率，阻碍了载流子传输，准二维钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率仍然与三维钙钛矿相差较大。因此，对于准二维钙钛矿，必须对其特性和器件应用等进行深入研究，以进一步优化器件性能。本文总结了准二维钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展，归纳了准二维钙钛矿的分子结构、准二维结构提升三维钙钛矿稳定性的方法和原理、准二维钙钛矿的相分布及其载流子传输特性，分析了准二维钙钛矿太阳能电池目前面临的问题并对其前景进行了展望，期望为制备高效稳定的准二维钙钛矿太阳能电池提供参考。Abstract:At present, the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells exceeds 25%. Their rapidly increasing efficiency has made people increasingly optimistic about their commercial application, but the stability of perovskite remains the biggest obstacle to successful commercialization. Quasi-two-dimensional perovskite solves this problem.Utilizing the hydrophobicity and thermal stability of large organic spacer cations, quasi-two-dimensional perovskite can effectively improve the stability of perovskite and improved crystal formation energy while providing a more stable structure. Quasi-two-dimensional perovskite also invites significant improvement to the morphology of perovskite films, which can replace anti-solvent processes, simplify production, and meet the industrial production requirements of perovskite. However, the relatively large band-gap and low carrier mobility caused by insulated organic spacer cations hinder ion transmission, causing quasi-two-dimensional perovskite solar cells to be far less efficient than three-dimensional perovskite solar cells. Therefore, for quasi-two-dimensional perovskite, it is necessary to further study its characteristics and device applications to achieve further optimization of device performance.This article summarizes the research progress of quasi-two-dimensional perovskite solar cells, the molecular structure of quasi-two-dimensional perovskite, the methods and principles of quasi-two-dimensional doping that improves the stability of three-dimensional perovskite, and the phase distribution and carrier transport characteristics of quasi-two-dimensional perovskite. Then this paper analyzes the problems faced by quasi-two-dimensional perovskite solar cells and looks forward to their prospects. It is expected that it will provide a reference for the preparation of efficient and stable quasi-two-dimensional perovskite solar cells.
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图 1(a)常见的二维/准二维钙钛矿的有机胺阳离子；(b)不同n值BA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1及PEA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1的带隙排列[35,36]；(c)二维钙钛矿、准二维钙钛矿与三维钙钛矿的结构（RNH3+为有机胺阳离子）[36]
Figure 1.(a) Common organic amine cations of two-dimensional / quasi-two-dimensional perovskite; (b) bandgap arrangement of BA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1and PEA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1with differentnvalues[35,36]; (c) structures of two-dimensional perovskite, quasi-two-dimensional perovskite and three-dimensional perovskite[36]
图 2(a-d) 准二维钙钛矿BA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1片状和块状单晶的照片：(a, b)n=3，(c, d)n=4；(e) 单晶回溶技术制备BA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1薄膜反应示意图[48]
Figure 2.(a-d) Pictures of the plate- and block-shaped single crystals of BA2MA2Pb3I10(a and b) and BA2MA3Pb4I13(c and d); (e) formation processes of BA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1(n= 3 or 4) thin films based on their single-crystalline structures[48]
图 3(a) 暴露于相对湿度80% ± 5%和(20 ± 2) °C下，FAPbI3，2D钙钛矿修饰的FAPbI3和2D钙钛矿修饰的FA0.98Cs0.02PbI3钙钛矿薄膜随时间演变的照片[63]；(b) 在相对湿度为80%±5%和(20±2) °C条件下，600 nm处薄膜吸收光谱的演变（误差线表示每种条件下从3张膜中测得的吸光度的标准偏差）[63]；(c) 器件中的多晶3D钙钛矿薄膜和晶界处的2D钙钛矿（通过紫外光电子能谱（UPS）和Tauc图分析）[63]；(d) 储存在氮气气氛手套箱中的基于FASnI3和20%PEA掺杂的钙钛矿薄膜的未封装器件的PCE衰减示意图[40]
Figure 3.(a) Photos of the perovskite films incorporating bare FAPbI3, FAPbI3with 2D perovskite and FA0.98Cs0.02PbI3with 2D perovskite exposed to relative humidity (RH) of 80% ± 5% at (20 ± 2) °C for different times[63]; (b) evolution of the absorption of the films at 600 nm under RH 80% ± 5% at (20 ± 2) °C. The error bar indicates the standard deviation of the absorbance measured from the three films for each condition[63]; (c) schematics of the device incorporating polycrystalline a 3D perovskite film with 2D perovskite at grain boundaries[63]; (d) normalized PCE of the unencapsulated device based on FASnI3and 20% PEA-doped perovskite film stored in a N2atmosphere glovebox for over 100 h[40]
图 4(a)表面应力释放示意图：在(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15钙钛矿薄膜上进行OAI/PEAI后处理，通过晶格重构，松弛残余应力，调节沿薄膜厚度方向的残余应力分布，减轻晶格畸变程度；(b)引入PEA/OA释放残余应力机理示意图：低维钙钛矿成分主要在钙钛矿薄膜表面生成，在空间角度上提供了额外的结构灵活性，有效防止晶格变形；(c) 未封装钙钛矿太阳能电池在湿度16%~50%的空气中储存1000小时以上的长期稳定性测试（Reference指(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15钙钛矿；O-10指使用10×10−3M浓度的OAI溶液后处理的(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15钙钛矿）[100]
Figure 4.(a) Schematic diagram of surface stress release: A post treatment process via lattice reconstruction on (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15perovskites films was applied to modulate the residual stress distribution across film thickness direction, reducing the degree of lattice distortion; (b) schematic diagram of the mechanism releasing residual stress by introducing PEA / OA: The 2D perovskite components mainly dwell at the surface of the perovskite thin films, which provides extra structural flexibility in the spatial perspective against lattice distortion; (c) the long-term stability test of the perovskite solar cells stored in air with a humidity of 16%~50% for over 1000 h without encapsulation. (Reference is (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15Perovskikes, O-10 represents (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15Perovskites via post treatment by OAI solution with 10×10−3M)[100]
图 5(a, b) 介孔结构辅助控制BA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1薄膜晶体取向示意图[48]；(c) 原始BA2MA3Pb4I13钙钛矿薄膜、添加DMSO后钙钛矿薄膜的生长方向和相分布、添加反溶剂步骤后薄膜的生长方向[108]；(d) 具有不同基底的常规（基底为氧化锡）和反式器件结构（基底为PEDOT:PSS）的示意图（红色圆球为空穴，蓝色圆球为电子）[108]
Figure 5.(a, b) Schematic diagram of mesoporous structure assisted control of the crystal orientation of BA2MAn−1PbnI3n+1film[48]; (c) film growth direction and phase distribution of pristine BA2MA3Pb4I13film, film after adding DMSO and film adding antisolvent[108]; (d) schematics of conventional and inverted device architectures with different substrates (The red ball is the hole, and the blue ball is the electron)[108]
图 6(a) 2D BA2MA2Sn3I10材料的不同薄膜生长取向（当使用二甲亚砜溶剂时钙钛矿薄膜取向平行于基板，当使用N，N-二甲基甲酰胺溶剂时翻转为垂直方向）[91]；(b) ThMA作为间隔阳离子的2D / 3D钙钛矿结构示意图（有机层插入3D钙钛矿中并垂直于基板定向生长）[34]
Figure 6.(a) Different film growth orientations of 2D BA2MA2Sn3I10materials (2D perovskites thin film orientation is parallel to the substrate when dimethyl sulfoxide solvent is used for deposition. This orientation can be flipped to perpendicular when N, N-dimethylformamide solvent is used.)[91]; (b) schematic diagram of the 2D / 3D perovskite structure when ThMA is as spacer cations (organic layer inserted into 3D perovskite and oriented perpendicularly to the substrate)[34]
表 1基于不同有机胺阳离子的准二维钙钛矿光伏器件的性能参数及其T80寿命
Table 1.Photovoltaic parameters of PSCs with different device structures and different organic amine cations
2D组分 器件结构 PCE (%) 稳定性（T80） 测试条件 FEA[54] FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/FEA2PbI4-FAPbI3/spiro-OMeTAD /Au 22.2 >1000 h 1Sun，RH 40%，MPPT PEA[55] FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/ Cs0.1FA0.74MA0.13PbI2.48Br0.39-PEA2Pb2I4/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 20.08 >800 h 1Sun，50°C，氩气，MPPT AVA[56] FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/ HOOC(CH2)4NH3PbI4-MAPbI3/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 14.6 >200 h 1Sun，55°C， 氩气，MPPT GA[57] FTO/c-TiO2/GAMA3Pb3I10/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 18.48 60 h 空气，MPPT VBA[58] ITO/TiO2/VAB-(MAPbBr3)0.15(FAPbI3)0.85/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 20.2 16 h 空气，MPPT BA[59] FTO/SnO2/PCBM/(BA)x(FA0.83Cs0.17)1-xPbn(I0.6Br0.4)3/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 19.5 T80=4000 h T80=1000 h 1Sun，封装；1Sun，未封装，空气 EDBE[60] FTO/SnO2/(EDBE)PbI4-(FA0.83Cs0.17)Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 21.06 >3000 h 空气 3BBA[61] ITO/PTAA/3BBAI-MACl-PbI2/PCBM/Cr/Au 18.2 >2400 h RH 40% ThMA[34] ITO /SnO2/ThMA-FA PbI3-MAPbI3/spiro-OMeTAD/MoO3-Ag 21.49 >1800 h；>600 h 空气，RH 30%~50%；N2，1Sun 5-AVA[62] FTO/bl-TiO2/mp-TiO2/(FAPbI3)0.88(CsPbBr3)0.12/(5-AVA)2PbI4/CuSCN/ Au 16.75 >1440 h RH 10% PEA[63] ITO / SnO2/FAPbI3-PEA2Pb2I4/spiro-OMeTAD/Ag or Au 20.64 1362 h 0.9Sun，40°C，RH 50%， PEA[64] FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15-PEA2Pb2I4/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 14.3 ≈1200 h RH 70% ThMA[65] ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ThMA2Man−1PbnI3n+1/PCBM/BCP/Ag 15.42 >1000 h N2 PDA[66] ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ PDAMAn−1PbnI3n+1/C60/BCP/Ag 13.0 >1000 h； >100 h RH 85%；RH 85%，70°C MA3Bi2I9[67] FTO/ c-TiO2/MA3Bi2I9-MAPbI3/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 18.97 >800 h 空气 PTA[68] FTO/c-TiO2/SnO2/PTAI-MAPbI3/spiro-OMeTAD/Ag 20.6 >500 h N2，1Sun 4FPEA[69] ITO/PTAA/(4FPEA)2MA4Pb5I16/PCBM/PEI/Ag 17.3 >500 h N2，55°C F-PEA[70] FTO/c-TiO2/(F-PEA)2MA4Pb5I16/spiro-OMeTAD/Au 13.64 300 h 70°C，空气 PEA[71] FTO/TiO2/(PEA)2Csn-1PbnI3n+1/PTAA/Au 13.65 >288 h N2，80°C，RH 25%~30% PEA[41] FTO/NiO/MAPbI3-PEA2Pb2I4/(PCBM/PN4N)/Ag 19.89 ≈240 h RH 20%~30% BA[72] ITO / PTAA/MAPbI3-BA2Pb2I4/PCBM/C60/BCP/Cu 19.56 >100 h 95°C CA2PbI4[73] ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ CA2PbI4-MAPbIxCl3-x/PCBM/Rhodamine 101/Au 13.86 >100 h RH 63%±5% OA[74] FTO/c-TiO2/ns-TiO2/OAI- (FAPbI3)0.95(MA PbBr3)0.05/DM/Au 22.03 100 h RH 85% DA[74] FTO/c-TiO2/ns-TiO2/DAI- (FAPbI3)0.95(MA PbBr3)0.05/DM/Au 21.89 100 h RH 85% （表格中，MPPT代表测试条件为最大功率点追踪测试（maximum power point tracking）。PEA为Phenethylammonium（苯乙基碘化胺）；EDBE为2,2-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylammonium)（2,2-（乙二氧基）双（乙胺））；BA为butylammonium（丁基胺）；AVA为aminovaleric acid（氨基戊酸）；5-AVA为5‐ammoniumvaleric acid（5-氨戊酸）；OA为oleylammonium；DA为dodecylammonium（十二烷基胺）；FEA为pentafluorophenylethylammonium（五氟苯基乙基胺）；3BBA为3‐bromobenzylammonium（3-溴苄基胺）；PTA为phenyltrimethylammonium（苯基三甲基胺）；GA为guanidinium（胍盐）；VBA为4-vinylbenzylammonium（4-乙烯基苄基胺）；4FPEA为fluorine‐substituted phenylethlammonium（氟取代的苯基乙胺）；ThMA为2‐thiophenemethy-lammonium（2-噻吩甲基甲胺）；F-PEA为4-fluorophenethylammonium（4-氟苯乙胺）；PDA为Propane-1,3-diammonium（丙烷-1,3-二胺）；RH为相对湿度；T80为器件PCE衰减至初始PCE的80%所需时间。） 
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