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摘要: 增强现实显示技术近年来发展迅速，已成为全球信息技术及产业的研究热点和发展重点，有望彻底改变人们感知和处理各种数字信息的方式。同时，微显示技术和光学技术的最新进展为增强现实显示技术的进一步发展指明了方向。本文分析了人眼视觉系统对增强现实头戴式显示器的光学性能要求，将目前增强现实头戴式显示器可实现的规格与之进行比较，说明了现阶段增强现实显示技术的发展水平和面临的主要挑战；重点阐述了增强现实显示技术中各种微显示器和光学组合器的基本原理和所能达到的参数指标，说明了它们的技术先进性和可实现性，同时对它们的发展前景进行了展望。Abstract: Augmented reality (AR) display technology has developed rapidly in recent years, and has become a research hotspot and development focus of the global information technology industry. It has the potential to revolutionize the ways we perceive and interact with various digital information. Recent advances in micro-displays and optical technologies offer new development directions to further advance AR display technology. This review analyzes the optical requirements of human visual systems for AR head-mounted displays and compares them with current specifications of AR head-mounted displays to demonstrate their current levels of development and main challenge. The basic principles and parameters of various micro-displays and optical combiners in AR head-mounted displays are introduced to explain their advantages and practicability, and their development trends are summarized.
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Key words:
- augmented reality /
- head-mounted displays /
- micro-displays /
- optical combiners
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图 1 （a）人眼视场角分布[5]；（b）人眼观察真实景象时，会聚距离与调焦距离一致；（c）人眼观察显示屏上的虚拟物体时，会聚距离与调焦距离不一致
Figure 1. (a) The profile of human FOV[5]; (b) accommodation cue coincides with vergence cue when viewing a real object; (c) accommodation cue mismatches with vergence cue when viewing a virtual object displayed at a fixed plane
图 19 体全息光栅波导组合器示意图
Figure 19. Schematic diagram of volume holographic grating waveguide combiner
表 1 几种AR微显示器之间的性能对比
Table 1. Performance comparison of different types of AR micro-displays
LCoS DLP OLED μLED MEMS RSD 成熟度 高 高 中等 低 中等 亮度(nits) ${10^4}$~${10^5}$ ${10^4}$~${10^5}$ ${10^3}$~${10^4}$ ${10^5}$~${10^6}$ $ > {10^4}$ 对比度 ~${10^3}:1$ ~${10^3}:1$ ~${10^4}:1$ ~${10^5}:1$ ~${10^5}:1$ 光效 低 中等 高 高 高 体积 大 中等 小 小 小 光学系统复杂度 中等 中等 低 低 高 
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表 2 AR光学组合器的性能对比
Table 2. Performance comparison of AR optical combiners
效率 体积 带宽 视场角 色彩均匀性 批量生产工艺 Birdbath $ < 25\% $ 大 大 ~$52^\circ $ 良好 注塑/涂层 自由曲面反射镜 $ < 50\% $ 大 大 ~$90^\circ $ 良好 注塑/涂层 自由曲面棱镜 $ < 50\% $ 大 大 ~$120^\circ $ 良好 注塑/涂层 阵列波导 $ < 20\% $ 中等 大 ~$40^\circ $ 良好 切割/涂层/抛光 SRG $ < 10\% $ 中等 大 ~$52^\circ $ 需要补偿 纳米压印 离轴全息透镜 $ < 20\% $ 小 小 ~$15^\circ $ 需要补偿 曝光 传统体全息光栅 $ < 10\% $ 中等 小 ~$40^\circ $ 需要补偿 曝光 HPDLC $ < 10\% $ 中等 中等 ~$50^\circ $ 好 曝光 PVG $ < 10\% $ 中等 中等 ~$50^\circ $ 好 曝光
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