Research progress on high-resolution imaging system for optical remote sensing in aerospace
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摘要:
随着光学成像技术的不断发展和遥感应用需求的日益增长,跨尺度高分辨率光学技术在遥感领域得到广泛应用。为了获得更多的目标细节信息,国内外研究学者在不同技术方向开展了相关研究。本文对遥感成像技术进行了总结分类,介绍了具有代表性的航天高分辨率对地光学遥感载荷技术,重点关注单体结构主镜、可展开分块拼接主镜、光学干涉主镜、光栅衍射主镜、虚拟合成孔径、光子型综合孔径成像、计算超分辨成像、编队合成孔径等成像模式,为高分辨率对地光学遥感载荷发展提供新的发展思路。
Abstract:With the continuous development of optical imaging technology and the growing demand for remote sensing applications, cross-scale high-resolution optical technology has been widely used in the field of remote sensing. In order to obtain more detailed information on the target, domestic and foreign researchers have carried out relevant research in different technical directions. In this paper, through the technical classification of remote sensing imaging, we introduce a representative aerospace optical remote sensing high-resolution imaging system. It focuses on monomer structure, block expandable imaging, optical interference synthesis aperture imaging, diffraction main mirror imaging, optical synthetic aperture and other technologies. It provides a new idea for the development of high-resolution optical remote sensing loads on the ground.
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Key words:
- high-resolution /
- optical remote sensing /
- cross-scale
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表 1 高分辨率光学遥感卫星光学参数
Table 1. Optical parameters of high-resolution optical remote sensing satellites
序号 名称 国家 年份 分辨率/m 轨道/km 1 QuickBird-2 美国 2001 0.61 450 2 IGS-1A 日本 2003 1 500 3 OrbView-3 美国 2003 1 470 4 Resurs-DK1 俄罗斯 2006 1 360~610 5 EROS B 以色列 2006 0.7 500 6 Ofeq-7 以色列 2007 0.5 300~600 7 GeoEye-1 美国 2008 0.41 681 8 KH-13 美国 2008 0.07 − 9 CartoSat-2 印度 2010 0.8 635 10 Pleiades-4 法国 2011 0.5 694 11 Worldview-3 美国 2014 0.3 617 12 Gaojing-1 中国 2016 0.5 530 13 Worldview-4 美国 2016 0.25 617 14 BlackSky-4 美国 2018 0.85 450 15 Hongqi1-H9 中国 2020 0.75 481.6 16 GFDM 中国 2020 0.5 643.8 17 IGS-Optical 7 日本 2020 0.3 485 18 SkySat-16 美国 2020 0.5 456 19 JL-GF-02D 中国 2021 0.75 650 20 WorldView –Legion 美国 预计2022 0.3 − 表 2 JEM-EUSO指标参数
Table 2. Index parameters of JEM-EUSO
探测谱段/nm 330~400 口径/m 2.5 视场角/(°) ±30 可观测区域/km2 >1.9×105 焦面面积/m2 4.5 像元数 2.0×105 像元尺寸/mm 4.5 角分辨率/(°) 0.1 时间分辨率/μs ≤2.5 表 3 成像观测航天器口径参数
Table 3. Comparison of large aperture imaging observation spacecraft
参数 口径/m 主镜 面密度/(kg·m−2) 运行温度/K JWST 6.5 分块 20 50 HST 2.4 单体 180 300 “赫歇尔空间望远镜” 3.5 单体 21.8 90 KH-11 侦察卫星 2.4 单体 不详 常温 KH-12侦察卫星 约3.3 单体 不详 常温 表 4 JWST 航天器基本情况
Table 4. Basic parameters of JWST
参数 基本情况 质量 总质量约6500 kg,主镜质量约705 kg 功率/W 2000 最大数据速率/(Mbit·s−1) 28 主镜 直径6.5 m,由 18 块镀金六边形铍镜组成,
每个镜块的直径为1.32 m,焦距为131.4 m遮阳板 5层可展开遮阳板,展开约21.2 m×14.2 m 观测波长 可见光、近红外、中红外(0.6~28.5 μm) 光学分辨率 大约0.1 仪器 近红外相机、近红外光谱仪、中红外仪器、带
有精巧导航系统的近红外成像仪与无缝光谱仪轨道 日地拉格朗日L2点晕轨道 工作温度/°C −235 任务寿命 5年,目标10年以上 表 5 不同类型遥感成像技术总结
Table 5. Summary of different types of remote sensing imaging technology
序号 技术名称 优点 缺点 1 大口径单体光学遥感成像技术 技术成熟度高、
成像分辨率高口径受限、系统精密、加工、装调
难度大2 单体衍射元件成像系统 系统衍射效率高 成像质量低、衍射元件复杂 3 空间展开式分块镜拼接主镜技术 易满足发射要求、可实现分辨率高 设计难度大、镜面调整难度大 4 光学综合孔径成像系统 可实现大口径成像、
系统结构分布
式灵活布置子孔径共相位调整难度大 5 分块式平板光电成像探测系统 系统集成度高、可实现轻小型化 成像分辨率较低、加工工艺复杂 6 器件亚像素
拼接技术可实现超分辨率成像、可行性高 分辨率提升有限 7 多帧超分辨率成像技术 可实现超分辨率成像、技术成熟 分辨率提升有限、时间分辨率低 8 计算超分主动探测 可实现超分辨率
成像、系统可灵活
分布式构型远距离对主动光源功率要求过高、易受噪声影响 -
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