Design, preparation and application of orthogonal excitation-emission upconversion nanomaterials
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摘要:
稀土掺杂的上转换发光纳米材料在信息安全、生物医学、光纤通信、显示和能源等众多领域有着巨大的应用潜力，受到了相关各领域研究人员的广泛关注。特别是近年来发展起来的具有正交激发发射特性的上转换发光纳米颗粒，其可在不同的激发条件下产生动态变化的光色输出，因而具备一系列新的特性与功能，大大地扩展了应用范围。本文综述稀土离子正交上转换发光的发展历程，系统论述了基于核壳结构的正交激发发射体系的设计原理和构建方法，介绍了其在信息存储、安全防伪、显示、传感、生物成像及治疗等领域的最新研究进展，并探讨了未来相关研究中可能面临的机遇和挑战。
Abstract:Rare earth-doped upconversion luminescence nanomaterials have received considerable attention from researchers due to their great potential for applications in many fields such as information security, biomedicine, optical fiber communication, digital displays, and energy. The recently-developed upconversion luminescence nanoparticles with orthogonal excitation-emission properties have attracted especially strong research interest because their distinct luminescence outputs can be dynamically modulated by switching the excitation conditions. The orthogonal luminescence properties further endow such nanocrystals with a set of new features and functionalities, which largely expands their potential applications. This review summarizes the progress in the development of orthogonal upconversion luminescence of rare earth ions, and provides a systematic discussion on design principles and construction strategies of orthogonal excitation-emission systems based on core-shell structures, as well as introduces their recent advances in various fields of applications including data storage, security anti-counterfeiting, digital displays, sensing, bioimaging and therapy. Furthermore, the prospective opportunities and challenges in the future research of orthogonal luminescence systems are also provided.
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图 1 二元正交激发发射体系的结构设计示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of structure design for binary orthogonal excitation-emission systems
图 2 基于正交双色上转换发光的二元正交激发发射体系。(a)具有蓝-绿双色正交发光的四层核壳纳米结构NaGdF4:Yb/Tm@NaGdF4@NaYbF4:Nd@Na(Yb,Gd)F4:Ho@NaGdF4示意图和在980/808 nm二元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[41]；(b) 蓝-绿双色正交发光的NaYF4: Nd/Yb/Tm@NaYF4:Nd@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb /Er三层核壳结构示意图和在980/808 nm二元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[33]；(c)具有不依赖于激发功率密度的高色纯度蓝-绿双色正交发射的NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4:Yb@NaGdF4:Yb,Nd@NaYF4@NaGdF4: Yb,Tm@NaYF4五层核壳结构示意图和在980/796 nm二元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[42]；(d)具有不同中间NaYF4纳米壳层厚度的NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb,Tm@NaYbF4:Nd@NaYF4四层核壳结构在808/980 nm二元激发下的发射光谱[43]。(a)转载自文献[41]，版权所有（2013）威立出版集团; (b)转载自文献[33]，版权所有（2014）威立出版集团; (c)转载自文献[42]，版权所有（2016）威立出版集团; (d)转载自文献[43]，版权所有（2017）美国化学学会
Figure 2. Binary orthogonal excitation-emission systems for orthogonal dual-color upconversion luminescence. (a) Schematic illustration of core/quadruple-shell NaGdF4:Yb/Tm@NaGdF4@NaYbF4:Nd@Na(Yb,Gd)F4:Ho@NaGdF4 with blue-green dual-color orthogonal luminescence and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 980/808 nm binary excitations[41]; (b) schematic illustration of core/triple-shell NaYF4:Nd/Yb/Tm@NaYF4:Nd@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Er with blue-green dual-color orthogonal luminescence and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 980/808 nm binary excitations[33]; (c) schematic illustration of core/quintuple-shell NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4:Yb@NaGdF4:Yb,Nd@NaYF4@NaGdF4:Yb,Tm@NaYF4 with excitation power density-independent blue-green high-pure dual-color orthogonal luminescence and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 980/796 nm binary excitations[42]; (d) emission spectra of core/quadruple-shell NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb, Tm@NaYbF4:Nd@NaYF4 with varied thickness of an NaYF4 interlayer under 808/980 nm binary excitations[43]. (a) Reproduced with permission ref. [41]. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH; (b) reproduced with permission ref. [33]. copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH; (c) reproduced with permission ref. [42]. copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH; (d) reproduced with permission ref. [43]. copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
图 3 正交双色发射的二元正交激发发射体系。(a)基于敏化剂Er3+的绿-蓝双色正交发射NaYF4:Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4三层核壳纳米结构示意图和在1532/980 nm二元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[44]；(b)基于NaErF4:Tm红光发射核的多层核壳纳米结构示意图和在1550 nm和980/808 nm二元激发下的发光照片[20]；(c) 基于Er3+自敏化的蓝-绿双色正交发射NaYF4:Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Tm双层核壳纳米结构示意图和在808/940 nm二元激发下的发射光谱[45]；(d) 基于NaErF4红光发射核的红-蓝双色正交发射NaErF4@NaYF4@NaYbF4:Tm@NaYF4三层核壳纳米结构示意图和在800/980 nm二元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[46]；(e)基于单发光层的红-绿双色正交发射NaErF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4:Yb@NaNdF4:Yb双层核壳纳米结构示意图和在980/808 nm二元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[47]；(f) 基于单发光层的二元正交激发发射体系(NaYF4:Yb/Er/Mn@NaYF4:Yb@NaNdF4:Yb)示意图和在980/808 nm二元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[49]。(a)转载自文献[44]，版权所有（2018）威立出版集团; (b)转载自文献[20]，版权所有（2019）威立出版集团; (c)转载自文献[45]，版权所有（2018）皇家化学学会; (d)转载自文献[46]，版权所有（2018）美国化学学会; (e)转载自文献[47]，版权所有（2019）自然出版集团; (f)转载自文献[49]，版权所有（2020）威立出版集团
Figure 3. Binary orthogonal excitation-emission systems with orthogonal dual-color emissions. (a) Schematic illustration of Er3+ sensitizer-based core/triple-shell NaYF4:Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4 with green-blue dual-color orthogonal emissions and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 1532/980 nm binary excitations[44]; (b) schematic illustration of red-emitting NaErF4:Tm core-based multilayer core-shell nanostructures and their corresponding photographs under 1550 nm and 980/808 nm binary excitations[20]; (c) schematic illustration of self-sensitization of Er3+-based core/double-shell NaYF4:Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Tm with blue-green dual-color orthogonal emissions and its corresponding emission spectra under 808/940 nm binary excitations[45]; (d) schematic illustration of red-emitting NaErF4 core-based core/triple-shell NaErF4@NaYF4@NaYbF4:Tm@NaYF4 with red-blue dual-color orthogonal emissions and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 808/980 nm binary excitations[46]; (e) schematic illustration of a single-emissive layer-based core/double-shell NaErF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4:Yb@NaNdF4:Yb with red-green dual-color orthogonal emissions and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 980/808 nm binary excitations[47]; (f) schematic illustration of a single-emissive layer-based binary orthogonal excitation-emission systems (NaYF4:Yb/Er/Mn@NaYF4:Yb@NaNdF4:Yb) and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 980/808 nm binary excitations[49]. (a) Reproduced with permission ref. [44]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH; (b) reproduced with permission ref. [20]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH; (c) reproduced with permission ref. [45]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry; (d) reproduced with permission ref. [46]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society; (e) reproduced with permission ref. [47]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group; (f) reproduced with permission ref. [49]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH
图 4 三元正交激发发射体系的结构设计示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of structure design for ternary orthogonal excitation-emission systems
图 5 基于正交三基色上转换发光的三元正交激发发射体系。(a)具有不依赖于激发功率密度的高色纯度红-绿-蓝三基色正交发光的NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4@NaYF4:Er/Ho@NaYF4@NaYF4:Nd/Yb/Er@NaYF4:Nd五层核壳纳米结构示意图和在1560/808/980 nm三元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[52]；(b) 具有不依赖于激发功率密度的正交三基色发光的LiYbF4:Tm@LiGdF4@LiGdF4:Yb/Er@LiYF4:Nd/Yb@LiGdF4@LiErF4:Tm@LiGdF4六层核壳纳米结构示意图和在1532/980/800 nm三元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[59]；(c)具有不依赖于激发功率密度的正交三基色发光的NaErF4@NaYF4@NaGdF4:Yb/Er@NaGdF4:Yb@NaGdF4:Nd/Yb@NaYF4@NaGdF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4七层核壳纳米结构示意图和在1532/808/980 nm三元激发下的发射光谱及对应的发光照片[60]。 (a)转载自文献[52]，版权所有（2021）美国化学学会; (b)转载自文献[59]，版权所有（2021）美国化学学会; (c)转载自文献[60]，版权所有（2021）自然出版集团
Figure 5. Ternary orthogonal excitation-emission systems for orthogonal three-primary-color upconversion luminescence. (a) Schematic illustration of core/quintuple-shell NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4@NaYF4:Er/Ho@NaYF4@NaYF4:Nd/Yb/Er@NaYF4:Nd with excitation power density-independent red-green-blue high-pure three-primary-color orthogonal emissions and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 1560/808/980 nm ternary excitations[52]; (b) schematic illustration of core/sextuple-shell LiYbF4:Tm@LiGdF4@LiGdF4:Yb/Er@LiYF4:Nd/Yb@LiGdF4@LiErF4:Tm@LiGdF4 with excitation power density-independent orthogonal three-primary-color luminescence and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 1532/980/800 nm ternary excitations[59]; (c) transmission electron microscopy image and schematic illustration of core/septuple-shell NaErF4@NaYF4@NaGdF4:Yb/Er@NaGdF4:Yb@NaGdF4:Nd/Yb@NaYF4@NaGdF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4 with excitation power density-independent orthogonal three-primary-color luminescence and its corresponding emission spectra and photographs under 1532/808/980 nm ternary excitations[60]. (a) Reproduced with permission ref. [52]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (b) reproduced with permission ref. [59]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (c) reproduced with permission ref. [60]. Copyright 2021, Nature Publishing Group.
图 7 正交激发发射体系在光学存储、安全防伪及显示领域的应用。(a)二元正交激发发射体系用于近红外光驱动下的光学数据存储[44]；(b)二元正交激发发射体系用于多级防伪[42]；(c)三元正交激发发射体系用于信息的加密与解密[52]；(d)三元正交激发发射体系用于高级防伪[58]；(e)二元正交激发发射体系用于多维度防伪[43]；(f)三元正交激发发射体系用于二维彩色显示[59]。(a)转载自文献[44]，版权所有（2018）威立出版集团; (b)转载自文献[42]，版权所有（2016）威立出版集团; (c)转载自文献[52]，版权所有（2021）美国化学学会；(d)转载自文献[58]，版权所有（2022）美国化学学会；(e)转载自文献[43]，版权所有（2017）美国化学学会；(f)转载自文献[59]，版权所有（2021）美国化学学会
Figure 7. Typically applications of orthogonal excitation-emission systems in the fields of optical storage, security anticounterfeiting and displays. (a) Binary orthogonal excitation-emission system for NIR-guided optical data storage[44]; (b) binary orthogonal excitation-emission system for multi-level anti-counterfeiting[42]; (c) ternary orthogonal excitation-emission system for information encryption and decryption[52]; (d) ternary orthogonal excitation-emission system for advanced anti-counterfeiting[58]; (e) binary orthogonal excitation-emission system for multi-dimensional anti-counterfeiting[43]; (f) ternary orthogonal excitation-emission system for 2D color display[59]. (a) Reproduced with permission ref. [44]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH; (b) reproduced with permission ref. [42]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH; (c) reproduced with permission ref. [52]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (d) reproduced with permission ref. [58]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; (e) reproduced with permission ref. [43]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society; (f) reproduced with permission ref. [59]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society
图 8 正交激发发射体系在传感及生物医学领域的应用。(a)二元正交激发发射体系用于对指纹内残留物TNT的检测[49]；(b)二元正交激发发射体系用于对黄曲霉毒素B1的检测[48]；(c)二元正交激发发射体系用于超分辨成像[45]；(d) 二元正交激发发射体系用于成像引导的光动力/化疗联合治疗[42]。(a)转载自文献[49]，版权所有（2020）威立出版集团; (b)转载自文献[48]，版权所有（2021）美国化学学会; (c)转载自文献[45]，版权所有（2021）皇家化学学会；(d)转载自文献[42]，版权所有（2016）威立出版集团
Figure 8. Typically applications of orthogonal excitation-emission systems in the fields of sensing and biomedicine. (a) Binary orthogonal excitation-emission system for the detection of TNT residues in the fingerprint[49]; (b) binary orthogonal excitation-emission system for the detection of aflatoxin B1[48]; (c) binary orthogonal excitation-emission system for super-resolution image[45]; (d) binary orthogonal excitation-emission system for imaging-guided combined photodynamic therapy/ chemotherapy[42]. (a) Reproduced with permission ref. [49]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH; (b) reproduced with permission ref. [48]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (c) reproduced with permission ref. [45]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry; (d) reproduced with permission ref. [42]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH.
表 1 正交激发发射体系类型及研究进展与应用前景汇总
Table 1. Summary of system types, research progress and application prospects for orthogonal excitation-emission
Core-shell nanomaterials with orthogonal excitations-emissions Orthogonal excitation type Sensitizer-Activator Luminescence color@
Excitation wavelengthApplication fields Reference/
PublicationYearNaErF4:Tm@NaYF4@
NaYF4:Yb/Ho@NaYF4Binary Er3+-Tm3+/
Yb3+-Ho3+Red@808/1550 nm
Green@980 nm— [20]
2019NaErF4:Tm@NaYF4@
NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4Binary Er3+-Tm3+/
Yb3+-Tm3+Red@808/1550 nm
Blue@980 nm— [20]
2019NaYF4:Nd/Yb/Tm@NaYF4:Nd@
NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/ErBinary Nd3+-Yb3+-Tm3+/
Yb3+-Er3+UV/blue@808 nm
Green@980 nmPhoto-switching [33]
2014NaGdF4:Yb/Tm@NaGdF4@NaYbF4:Nd@Na(Yb,Gd)F4:Ho@NaGdF4 Binary Yb3+-Tm3+/
Nd3+-Yb3+-Ho3+UV/blue@980 nm
Green@808 nm— [41]
2013NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4:Yb@
NaGdF4:Yb,Nd@NaYF4@
NaGdF4:Yb,Tm@NaYF4Binary Nd3+-Yb3+-Er3+/
Yb3+-Tm3+Green@796 nm
UV/blue@980 nmanticounterfeiting/PDT/CT [42]
2016NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4@ NaYF4:Yb,Tm@NaYbF4:Nd@NaYF4 Binary Yb3+-Er3+/
Nd3+-Yb3+-Tm3+Green@980 nm
UV/blue@808 nmFingerprint imaging [43]
2017NaYF4:Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4 Binary Er3+/
Yb3+-Tm3+Green@1532 nm
UV/blue@980 nmOptical data storage [44]
2018NaYF4:Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Tm Binary Er3+/
Yb3+-Tm3+Green@808 nm
Blue@980 nmSuper-resolution image [45]
2018NaErF4@NaYF4@NaYbF4:Tm @NaYF4 Binary Er3+/
Yb3+-Tm3+Red@800 nm
Blue@980 nmImaging-guided PDT [46]
2018NaErF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4:Yb@
NaNdF4:YbBinary Er3+-Tm3+/
Nd3+-Yb3+-Er3+Red@980 nm
Green@808 nmPhotoactivation/detection [47,48]
2019/2021NaYF4:Yb/Er/Mn@NaYF4:Yb@
NaNdF4:YbBinary Yb3+-Er3+-Mn2+/Nd3+-Yb3+-Er3+ Red@980 nm
Green@808 nmLatent fingerprint
sensing[49]
2020NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb,Tm@NaYbF4:Nd@NaYF4 Binary Yb3+-Er3+/ Nd3+-Yb3+-Tm3+ Green@980 nm
UV/blue@808 nmTumor cell recognition/PDT [50]
2020NaErF4:Yb/Tm@NaYbF4 Binary Er3+-Tm3+/
Yb3+-Er3+Green@808 nm
Red@980 nmInformation
security[51]
2021NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4@NaYF4:Er/Ho@NaYF4@NaYF4:Nd/Yb/Er@
NaYF4:NdTernary Yb3+-Tm3+/
Er3+-Ho3+/ Nd3+-Yb3+-Er3+UV/blue@980 nm Red@1560 nm Green@808 nm Information
Security/ anticounterfeiting[52-54,55-58]
2021/2022LiYbF4:Tm@LiGdF4@LiGdF4:Yb/Er@LiYF4:Nd/Yb@LiGdF4@
LiErF4:Tm@LiGdF4Ternary Yb3+-Tm3+/
Nd3+-Yb3+-Er3+/ Er3+-Tm3+UV/blue@980 nm Green@808 nm Red@1532 nm 2D full-color display [59]
2021NaErF4@NaYF4@NaGdF4:Yb/Er@
NaGdF4:Yb@NaGdF4:Nd/Yb@
NaYF4@ NaGdF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4Ternary Er3+/ Nd3+-Yb3+-Er3+/ Yb3+-Tm3+ Red@1532 nm
Green@808 nm
Blue@980 nmNeuronal
population[60]
2021NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4:Yb/Nd@
NaLuF4@NaYF4:Yb/Er@NaLuF4@
NaErF4:Tm@NaLuF4Ternary Nd3+-Yb3+-Tm3+/ Yb3+-Er3+/ Er3+-Tm3+ Blue@808 nm
Green@980 nm
Red@1532 nmMultiplexed
detection[61]
2022NaErF4:Tm@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Ho@NaYF4:Nd/Yb@NaYF4@
NaYbF4:Tm@ NaYF4:YbTernary Er3+-Tm3+/ Nd3+-Yb3+-Ho3+/ Yb3+-Tm3+ Red@1550 nm
Green@808 nm
UV/blue@980 nmFlexible display/ anticounterfeiting [62]
2022
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