基于双峰谐振长周期光纤光栅的海水盐度传感器

杜超; 赵爽; 宋桦可; 王秋雨; 贾斌; 张丽; 崔丽琴; 赵强; 邓霄

doi:10.37188/CO.2023-0101

基于双峰谐振长周期光纤光栅的海水盐度传感器

doi: 10.37188/CO.2023-0101

杜超^1,,
赵爽^1,,
宋桦可^2,,
王秋雨^1,,
贾斌^1,,
张丽^1,,
崔丽琴^1,,
赵强^3,,
邓霄^2, ,

1.
太原理工大学电子信息与光学工程学院, 山西太原 030024
2.
太原理工大学物理学院, 山西太原 030024
3.
齐鲁工业大学(山东省科学院) 海洋仪器仪表研究所, 山东青岛 266061

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（No. 62203320, No. 62375198, No. 52009088, No. 61933004）；中国博士后科学基金面上项目（No. 2019M661063）；山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目（No. 2023-039）；崂山实验室科技创新项目（No. LSKJ202204703）

详细信息

作者简介:
杜　超（1988－），男，山西朔州人，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，2019年于东北大学信息科学与工程学院获得博士学位，主要从事特种光纤传感器设计及其特性方面的研究。E-mail：duchao@tyut.edu.cn

邓　霄（1980－），男，山西太原人，博士，教授，博士生导师，2014年于太原理工大学信息工程学院获得博士学位，主要从事光机电传感技术方面的研究。E-mail：dengxiao@tyut.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN253
计量
- 文章访问数: 355
- HTML全文浏览量: 110
- PDF下载量: 156
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-12
- 修回日期: 2023-07-06
- 网络出版日期: 2023-11-06

A seawater salinity sensor based on dual peaks resonance long period fiber grating

DU Chao^1
,,
ZHAO Shuang^1
,,
SONG Hua-ke^2
,,
WANG Qiu-yu^1
,,
JIA Bin^1
,,
ZHANG Li^1
,,
CUI Li-qin^1
,,
ZHAO Qiang^3
,,
DENG Xiao^{2
, ,}

1.
College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
2.
College of Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
3.
Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266061, China

Funds: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62203320, No. 62375198, No. 52009088, No. 61933004); Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M661063); Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China (No. 2023-039); Science and Technology Innovation Project of Laoshan Laboratory (Qingdao) (No. LSKJ202204703)

More Information

Corresponding author: dengxiao@tyut.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
为研制高灵敏海水盐度传感器，本文基于CO₂ 技术成功制备出一种工作在色散转折点（DTP）附近的长周期光纤光栅（LPFG）。首先，利用CO₂ 器在80 μm细单模光纤上制备出工作在DTP附近的LPFG，证明了采用CO₂ 微加工技术制备较短周期LPFG的可能性。其次，通过调控CO₂ 器的制备周期，使高阶包层模式LP_1,9工作在DTP附近，从而显著提高了LPFG的折射率灵敏度。在双峰谐振增敏效应的作用下，当海水盐度从5.001‰变化到39.996‰时，光栅周期为115.4 μm的双峰谐振LPFG平均灵敏度高达0.279 nm/‰。研究结果表明，本文制备的LPFG海水盐度传感器具有谐振损耗大和灵敏度高的优点，其在海水盐度监测领域具有较好的应用前景。
- 光纤光学 /
- 长周期光纤光栅 /
- 色散转折点 /
- 海水盐度 /
- CO₂ 技术
Abstract:
To develop a highly sensitive seawater salinity sensor, a long period fiber grating (LPFG) was successfully fabricated using CO₂ laser technology to function in close proximity to the dispersion turning point (DTP). An LPFG operating near DTP was fabricated in an 80 μm single mode fiber using CO₂ laser micromachining technology. This successful endeavor demonstrates the feasibility of developing LPFG with shorter grating period using CO₂ laser micromaching technology. LPFGs with varying periods were fabricated by adjusting the preparation period of CO₂ laser to ensure that the cladding mode LP_1,9 was operating near DTP, resulting in higher refractive index sensitivity of LPFG. The average sensitivity of 0.279 nm/‰ can be achieved in the seawater with salinity ranging from 5.001‰ to 39.996‰, especially with the dual peaks resonance LPFG at a period of 115.4 μm, thanks to the dual peaks resonance effect. The dual peaks resonance LPFG seawater salinity sensor exhibits high sensitivity and a large attenuation loss, suggesting potential application in seawater salinity monitoring.
- fiber optics /
- long period fiber grating /
- dispersion turning point /
- seawater salinity /
- CO₂ laser technology

HTML全文

图 1 CO₂ 器制备的LPFG结构

Figure 1. LPFG structure fabricated using CO₂ laser

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 基于80 μm单模光纤的LPFG的PMCs

Figure 2. PMCs of LPFG based on 80 μm single mode fiber

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 海水折射率与盐度的关系

Figure 3. Seawater refractive index as a function of salinity

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 当折射率从1.33变化到1.34时：（a）包层模式为LP_1,9的LPFG的PMCs；（b）折射率灵敏度与光栅周期之间的关系

Figure 4. (a) PMCs of LPFG with LP_1,9 cladding mode and (b) seawater refractive index sensitivity as a function of grating period when refractive index changes from 1.33 to 1.34

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 传感探头及测量装置示意图

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of sensing probe and measuring device

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 周期为112 μm的LPFG折射率响应特性。（a）LPFG透射光谱在不同折射率下的变化情况；（b）谐振波长与折射率的关系

Figure 6. Refractive index response characteristics of LPFG with a period of 112 μm. (a) Transmission spectra of LPFG under various refractive indices; (b) resonance wavelength as a function of refractive index

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 周期为113 μm的LPFG折射率响应特性。（a）LPFG透射光谱在不同折射率下的变化情况；（b）谐振波长与折射率的关系

Figure 7. Refractive index response characteristics of LPFG with a period of 113 μm. (a) Transmission spectra of LPFG under various refractive indices; (b) resonance wavelength as a function of refractive index

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 周期为115.4 μm的LPFG折射率响应特性。（a）LPFG透射光谱在不同折射率下的变化情况；（b）谐振波长与折射率的关系

Figure 8. Refractive index response characteristics of LPFG with a period of 115.4 μm. (a) Transmission spectra of LPFG under various refractive indices; (b) resonance wavelength as a function of refractive index

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 周期为115.6 μm的LPFG折射率响应特性。（a）LPFG透射光谱在不同折射率下的变化情况；（b）谐振波长与折射率的关系

Figure 9. Refractive index response characteristics of LPFG with a period of 115.6 μm. (a) Transmission spectra of LPFG under various refractive indices; (b) resonance wavelength as a function of refractive index

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 周期为115.4 μm的LPFG性能测试结果。（a）重复性；（b）稳定性

Figure 10. Performance test results of LPFG with a period of 115.4 μm. (a) Repeatability; (b) stability

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 周期为115.4 μm的LPFG温度响应特性。（a）LPFG透射光谱在不同温度下的变化情况；（b）谐振波长与温度的关系

Figure 11. Temperature response characteristics of LPFG with a period of 115.4 μm. (a) Transmission spectra of LPFG under different temperature; (b) resonance wavelength as a function of temperature

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同方法制备的海水盐度传感器灵敏度对比

Table 1. Comparison of sensitivity for seawater salinity sensors fabricated by different methods

制备过程	包层直径 (μm)	灵敏度	范围	参考文献
理论工作： 1. 减小包层直径	29.24	3750 nm/RIU	1.33~1.35	[17]
理论工作： 1. 减小包层直径 2. 涂覆高折射率薄膜	34.8	143000 nm/RIU	1.33~1.331	[17]
1. CO₂ 刻写 2. 涂覆水凝胶薄膜	125	0.1255 nm/‰	22.8~44.7‰	[14]
1. CO₂ 刻写 2. 氢氟酸腐蚀包层 3. 涂覆TiO₂薄膜	72	0.1633 nm/‰	5.001~39.996‰	[15]
1. 紫外刻写 2. 氢氟酸腐蚀包层	71.75 32.5	1343 nm/RIU 8734 nm/RIU	1.353~1.398	[28]
1. 飞秒刻写 2. 涂覆TiO₂薄膜	125	3151.8 nm/RIU	1.33~1.37	[29]
1. CO₂ 刻写 2. 调整光栅周期	80	2025.549 nm/RIU 0.279 nm/‰	1.33356~1.33849 5.001~39.996‰	本项工作

下载: 导出CSV

map

参考文献(29)

[1]	SOHAIL T, ZIKA J D, IRVING D B, et al. Observed poleward freshwater transport since 1970[J]. Nature, 2022, 602(7898): 617-622. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04370-w
[2]	KATSUMATA K, PURKEY S G, COWLEY R, et al. GO-SHIP easy ocean: gridded ship-based hydrographic section of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen[J]. Scientific Data, 2022, 9(1): 103. doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01212-w
[3]	LI Y, WU G F, SONG G, et al. Soft, pressure-tolerant, flexible electronic sensors for sensing under harsh environments[J]. ACS Sensors, 2022, 7(8): 2400-2409. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01059
[4]	DINNAT E P, LE VINE D M, BOUTIN J, et al. Remote sensing of sea surface salinity: comparison of satellite and in situ observations and impact of retrieval parameters[J]. Remote Sensing, 2019, 11(7): 750. doi: 10.3390/rs11070750
[5]	DEMIR O, JOHNSON J T, JEZEK K C, et al. Studies of sea-ice thickness and salinity retrieval using 0.5-2 GHz microwave radiometry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2022, 60: 4304412.
[6]	QIAN Y, ZHAO Y, WU Q L, et al. Review of salinity measurement technology based on optical fiber sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2018, 260: 86-105. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.12.077
[7]	QUAN X H, FRY E S. Empirical equation for the index of refraction of seawater[J]. Applied Optics, 1995, 34(18): 3477-3480. doi: 10.1364/AO.34.003477
[8]	ZHENG H K, ZHAO Y, LV R Q, et al. Study on the temperature and salinity sensing characteristics of multifunctional reflective optical fiber probe[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2021, 70: 9514308.
[9]	ZHAO Y, ZHAO J, WANG X X, et al. Femtosecond laser-inscribed fiber-optic sensor for seawater salinity and temperature measurements[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2022, 353: 131134. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.131134
[10]	ZHANG S Q, PENG Y, WEI X, et al. High-sensitivity biconical optical fiber SPR salinity sensor with a compact size by fiber grinding technique[J]. Measurement, 2022, 204: 112156. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2022.112156
[11]	WANG Y, TONG R J, ZHAO K J, et al. Optical fiber sensor based on SPR and MZI for seawater salinity and temperature measurement[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2023, 162: 109315.
[12]	SUN M Y, JIANG H T, SHI B, et al. Development of FBG salinity sensor coated with lamellar polyimide and experimental study on salinity measurement of gravel aquifer[J]. Measurement, 2019, 140: 526-537. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2019.03.020
[13]	AN G W, LIU L, HU P, et al. Probe type TFBG-excited SPR fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of multiple ocean parameters assisted by CFBG[J]. Optics Express, 2023, 31(3): 4229-4237. doi: 10.1364/OE.481948
[14]	YANG F, HLUSHKO R, WU D, et al. Ocean salinity sensing using long-period fiber gratings functionalized with layer-by-layer hydrogels[J]. ACS Omega, 2019, 4(1): 2134-2141. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02823
[15]	ZHAO SH, DU CH, WANG Q Y, et al. A long period fiber grating seawater salinity sensor based on bend insensitive single mode fiber[J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 2023, 77: 103269. doi: 10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103269
[16]	LI Q SH, YANG Y, DU Y D, et al. Highly sensitive detection of low-concentration sodium chloride solutions based on polymeric nanofilms coated long period fiber grating[J]. Talanta, 2023, 254: 124126. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124126
[17]	DEL VILLAR I. Ultrahigh-sensitivity sensors based on thin-film coated long period gratings with reduced diameter, in transition mode and near the dispersion turning point[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(7): 8389-8398. doi: 10.1364/OE.23.008389
[18]	CHEN J Y, BAI ZH Y, ZHU G X, et al. Femtosecond laser inscribed helical long period fiber grating for exciting orbital angular momentum[J]. Optics Express, 2022, 30(3): 4402-4411. doi: 10.1364/OE.449619
[19]	张亚妮, 刘思聪, 赵亚, 等. 800 nm高能量飞秒脉冲刻写长周期光纤光栅机理[J]. 光子学报,2018,47(1):0106003. doi: 10.3788/gzxb20184701.0106003 ZHANG Y N, LIU S C, ZHAO Y, et al. Fabrication mechanism of long-period fiber grating based on 800 nm high intensity femto-second laser pulses[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2018, 47(1): 0106003. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3788/gzxb20184701.0106003
[20]	张亚妮, 郗亚茹, 江鹏, 等. 飞秒直写长周期光纤光栅及其光谱特性[J]. 光子学报,2018,47(11):1106001. doi: 10.3788/gzxb20184711.1106001 ZHANG Y N, XI Y R, JIANG P, et al. Fabrication of long period fibre gratings by femtosecond laser writing directly and its spectral characteristics[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2018, 47(11): 1106001. (in Chinese). doi: 10.3788/gzxb20184711.1106001
[21]	ZHANG Y N, JIANG P, QIAO D, et al. Sensing characteristics of long period grating by writing directly in SMF-28 based on 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2020, 121: 105839.
[22]	ŚMIETANA M, DOMINIK M, MIKULIC P, et al. Temperature and refractive index sensing with Al₂O₃-nanocoated long-period gratings working at dispersion turning point[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2018, 107: 268-273.
[23]	DU CH, WANG Q, ZHAO Y, et al. Ultrasensitive long-period gratings sensor works near dispersion turning point and mode transition region by optimally designing a photonic crystal fiber[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2019, 112: 261-268.
[24]	朱雨雨, 郗亚茹, 张亚妮, 等. 长周期光纤光栅光谱特性仿真研究[J]. 中国光学,2020,13(3):451-458. ZHU Y Y, XI Y R, ZHANG Y N, et al. Numerical simulation of transmission spectra characterization of long-period fiber grating[J]. Chinese Optics, 2020, 13(3): 451-458. (in Chinese).
[25]	ZHONG X Y, WANG Y P, LIAO CH R, et al. Long period fiber gratings inscribed with an improved two-dimensional scanning technique[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2014, 6(4): 2201508.
[26]	DEL VILLAR I, FUENTES O, CHIAVAIOLI F, et al. Optimized strain long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensors operating at the dispersion turning point[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2018, 36(11): 2240-2247. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2018.2790434
[27]	PEREIRA D A, FRAZAO O, SANTOS J L. Fiber Bragg grating sensing system for simultaneous measurement of salinity and temperature[J]. Optical Engineering, 2004, 43(2): 299-304. doi: 10.1117/1.1637903
[28]	DEL VILLAR I, CRUZ J L, SOCORRO A B, et al. Sensitivity optimization with cladding-etched long period fiber gratings at the dispersion turning point[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(16): 17680-17685. doi: 10.1364/OE.24.017680
[29]	VIVEIROS D, DE ALMEIDA J M M M, COELHO L, et al. Turn around point long period fiber gratings with coupling to asymmetric cladding modes fabricated by a femtosecond laser and coated with titanium dioxide[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2021, 39(14): 4784-4793. doi: 10.1109/JLT.2021.3078257