Wavefront manipulation of tightly focused cylindrical vector beams and its applications
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摘要:作为光波最重要的本征物理属性之一,光场偏振态在研究光与物质相互作用中占有重要地位。矢量光场的波前调控为其聚焦场提供了更加复杂、更加灵活可控的振幅、相位以及偏振态分布,丰富了光与物质相互作用的手段,为材料表征提供了传统线偏振、圆偏振光场所不可替代的研究方法,具有重要的物理意义和实际应用价值。本文将综述矢量光场最新的研究进展,详细介绍矢量光场的偏振态特性、产生方法,以及紧聚焦轴对称矢量光场波前调控在远场小尺度光斑的产生、磁光记录、单分子/颗粒取向探测、任意三维偏振态的产生、高密度数据存储、信息加密以及矢量光场波前重构等方面的重要应用。Abstract:As one of the most fundamental properties of light fields, polarization has attracted immense attentions from researchers. Controlling the polarization states of light fields is of vital significance in the interactions between light fields and materials. Under tightly focused conditions, wavefront manipulation of vector beams introduces flexible and controllable amplitude, phase and polarization distributions into their focal fields, and hence diversifies the interactions between light fields and materials. In this paper, the latest progresses and developments of wavefront manipulation of tightly focused cylindrical vector beams are reviewed. Polarization properties, generation methods, and the applications of tightly focused cylindrical light fields including generations of far-field sub-diffraction focal spots, opto-magnetic recording, detections of single-molecule/particle orientations, generations of arbitrary 3D polarization states, high-density data storage, information encryption, and reconstruction of vectorial wavefronts are concretely reviewed.
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Key words:
- vector beam/
- tightly focusing/
- 3D polarization/
- data storage
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图 1线偏振光、径向偏振光和旋向偏振光
Figure 1.Linear polarization,radial polarization and azimuthal polarization light
图 6(a)产生径向偏振光的等离子体超材料表面电镜图。其中，箭头表示偏振取向；(b)图(a)中心区域上下两层等离子体超材料表面放大图；(c)产生径向偏振光的实验装置示意图；(d)远场测得的径向偏振光电场强度分布图[46]
Figure 6.(a)SEM image of the plasmonic metasurface to generate a radially polarized beam. The arrows represent the designed distribution of the polarization direction; (b)Close-up view of the center part of (a) for the upper and bottom layers; (c)Schematic of the experimental setup for generating and detecting the radially polarized beam; (d)Measured far-field intensity profiles representing a radially polarized beam.[46]
图 9径向偏振光紧聚焦光场径向偏振分量归一化光场强度分布(a)x-y平面，(b)r-z平面；纵向偏振分量归一化光场强度分布(c)x-y平面，(d)r-z平面。坐标以入射光波长为单位
Figure 9.Normalized intensity of the radial component of a tightly focused radially polarized incident beam (a)at the focus and (b)through the focus; Normalized intensity of the longitudinal component (a)at the focus and (b)through the focus. The units are in wavelengths
图 10径向偏振光紧聚焦光场在焦平面上的归一化场强分布横截面图
Figure 10.Cross sections of the normalized focal field of a tightly focused radially polarized incident beam
图 11旋向偏振光紧聚焦光场归一化光场强度分布。坐标以入射光波长为单位
Figure 11.Normalized intensity of the focal field of a tightly focused azimuthally polarized incident beam (a)at the focus and (b)through the focus. The units are in wavelengths
图 14(a)聚焦光斑横向尺寸和径向深度随γ的变化；(b)聚焦光斑三维体积和光盘三维存储密度随γ的变化；(c)实验装置示意图[71]
Figure 14.(a)Lateral area and the axial depth of the radially polarized beam as a function ofγ; (b)focal volume and the storage density limit predicted by the calculation are plotted as a function ofγ; (c)schematic illustration of the experimental configuration[71]
图 16(a)拓扑荷为±1旋向偏振涡旋光紧聚焦示意图，插图表示x偏振分量、y偏振分量以及总光场强度分布；(b)圆偏振光、旋向偏振涡旋光以及径向偏振光紧聚焦光斑横向面积随数值孔径的变化[33]
Figure 16.(a)Schematic illustration of tightly focusing an azimuthally polarized vortex beam with a topological charge of ±1. The insets are the intensity distributions ofxcomponent,ycomponent and total field. (b)focal areas of a circularly polarized beam,an azimuthally polarized vortex beam with a topological charge of ±1 and a radially polarized beam as a function of NA[33]
图 17(a)利用双光子荧光成像对比圆偏振光和旋向偏振涡旋光紧聚焦光场的横向尺寸；(b)相较圆偏振光，旋向偏振涡旋光紧聚焦光场横向尺寸的改善程度随NA的变化[33]
Figure 17.(a)Comparison between the lateral sizes of the focal spots of a circularly polarized beam and an azimuthally polarized vortex beam through two-photon fluorescence imaging; (b)Improvement of the focal area of an azimuthally polarized vortex beam compared with that of a circular polarized beam at different values of NA[33]
图 20(a)探测金纳米棒三维取向示意图；(b)~(e)不同空间取向金纳米棒示意图及其双光子荧光模式理论模拟图；(f)~(i)双光子荧光实验结果图[76]
Figure 20.(a)Schematic illustration of detecting the orientations of gold nanorods; (b)-(e)Schematic 3D alignment of gold nanorods and their associated calculated fluorescence images; (f)-(i)Experimental results of two-photon fluorescence images of gold nanorods with the corresponding orientations[76]
图 27利用任意三维偏振态产生技术实现信息加密。(a)~(e)中的箭头表示五种预选好的偏振取向，第二行是利用相应偏振态入射光扫描样品所成的双光子荧光图像[76]
Figure 27.Demonstration of 3D polarization encryption. The arrows in (a)-(e) indicate the five configured polarization orientations used for the information encryption. The bottom panel shows the scanning two-photon fluorescence images of five patterns retrieved at corresponding polarization orientations[76]
图 30(a)矢量波前重建实验装置示意图；(b)利用多焦点偏振全息技术并通过矢量重建来实现偏振可辨成像的原理图[80]
Figure 30.(a)Schematic illustration of the experimental configuration of the reconstruction of vectorial wavefronts; (b)illustration of the principle of generating polarization-multiplexed phase holograms for the vectorial reconstruction of polarization discernible images[80]
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