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摘要: 光学相干层析成像(Optical Coherence Tomography，OCT)是一种基于低相干光干涉原理，利用样品背散/反射光与参考光相干的非接触非侵入性的新型成像技术，可提供具有微米级分辨率的一维深度，二维截面层析和三维立体的实时扫描图像。OCT技术具有非接触、无损伤、图像分辨率高且操作简单、便携等优点，主要应用于生物医学成像和诊断领域，弥补了共聚焦显微镜成像穿透深度低和超声波成像分辨率低的不足。目前，OCT技术已作为诊断视网膜疾病的临床标准，而且OCT技术结合内窥镜技术已成为临床上心血管及肠胃疾病诊断的重要工具，同时也为肌肉骨骼疾病，乃至癌症早期诊断、手术指导及术后康复提供依据。为了拓宽OCT技术的应用范围、提高医疗检测水平，研究人员正致力于增加OCT系统在生物组织中的穿透深度、提高系统的分辨率和信噪比、优化系统综合性能等方面的研究。本文论述了OCT系统的原理、分类，以及其在不同生物医学领域的应用及最新进展。Abstract: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a new imaging technique that uses interference in low coherent light by measuring the delay and magnitude of backscattered or reflected signals from the sample. OCT technology can provide real-time structural information with one-dimensional depth and two- and three-dimensional tomography at micron-scale resolution. Besides its high spatial resolution, OCT imaging is beneficial for its non-contact and non-invasive methodology. The system is also easy to operate and relatively portable. OCT technology is mainly applied in the biomedical imaging field for diagnoses, making up for the shortcomings of the low penetration depth in confocal microscopes and the low resolution in ultrasonic imaging. At present, OCT technology has been used as the clinical standard for the diagnosis of retinal diseases, and the combination of OCT technology and endoscope technology has become an important tool for the clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. It also provides references for early cancer diagnosis, surgical guidance and postoperative rehabilitation of musculoskeletal diseases. To broaden the application of OCT technology and improve its medical detection capabilities, researchers are committed to increasing the penetration depth of OCT imaging in biological tissue, improving the system's resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, and optimizing its overall performance. This review introduces the principle and classification of OCT systems, their applications and their recent progress in various biomedical fields.
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Key words:
- optical coherence tomography /
- biomedical optics /
- infrared
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图 2 (a)窄带光与(b)宽带光的相干特性示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the coherent characteristics of (a) narrow-band light and (b) wide-band light
图 4 (a) 脉络膜新生血管的OCT血管造影照片。(b)在发生黄斑病变时的脉络膜新生血管的OCT照片[69]。
Figure 4. (a) OCT angiogram of choroidal neovascularization. (b) OCT photo of choroidal neovascularization during macular degeneration.
图 5 （a）人类臼齿矢状切面示意图（左）和平板切片样品（右）。（b）牙齿切片样品的偏振OCT照片（宽10.8 mm，深600 μm）。（c）与图（b）对应的齿形截面示意图[78]。
Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of a sagittal section of a human molar (left) and a slab sample (right). (b) PS-OCT image of a tooth sample extending through the diameter of the sample disk (10.8 mm wide by 600 μm deep). (c) Schematic diagram of a tooth’s cross section corresponding to the PS-OCT image in (b)[78].
图 6 （a）无金微粒，（c）有金微粒和（e） 照射有金微粒毛囊的反射共聚焦显微镜(RCM)图像。（b）无金微粒、（d）有金微粒和（f） 照射有金微粒的毛囊的断面OCT图像[85]。
Figure 6. Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) image of a hair follicle (a) without gold microparticles (GMPs), (c) after the application of the GMPs and (e) after exposing the GMPs to a laser. OCT scan of a hair follicle (b) without GMPs, (d) after applying the GMPs, and (f) after exposing the GMPs to a laser[85].
(a)在右侧冠状动脉内植入支架的血管造影图。(b)在右侧冠状动脉内植入的支架起作用后的血管造影图。(c)植入支架的血管的断面OCT照片，由于聚合物支架不反射光，因此呈现为清晰的(黑色)菱形。(d)植入支架的血管内超声照片，支架呈现为沿动脉壁周向分布的亮斑[98]。
(a) Angiogram of a stent implanted in the right coronary artery. (b) Angiogram of a worked stent implanted in the right coronary artery (c) Optical coherence tomography image of a blood vessel implanted with the stent. Due to their polymeric nature, struts of BRS do not reflect light and therefore appear as clear (black) rhomboids. (d) Intravascular ultrasound image of a blood vessel implanted with the stent. BRS struts are visualized as brighter foci distributed circumferentially around the arterial wall[98].
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