弹性发射光学制造技术研究进展

李佳慧; 侯溪; 张云; 王佳; 钟显云

doi:10.37188/CO.2021-0022

弹性发射光学制造技术研究进展

doi: 10.37188/CO.2021-0022

李佳慧^{1, 2,},
侯溪^1, ,,
张云^1,,
王佳^1,,
钟显云^1,

1.
中国科学院光电技术研究所，四川成都 610209
2.
中国科学院大学，北京 100049

基金项目: 中国科学院“西部青年学者”

详细信息

作者简介:
李佳慧（1996—），女，河北河间人，博士研究生，2019年于河北大学获得学士学位，主要从事超精密光学元件制造技术及工艺研究。Email：lijiahui_ioe@163.com

侯　溪（1980—），男，四川阆中人，博士，研究员，博士生导师，2002 年于电子科技大学获得学士学位，2007 年于中国科学院研究生院获得博士学位，主要从事超精密光学制造及高精度光学检测技术研究。Email：hxxh6776@163.com

张　云（1987—），男，四川古蔺人，博士，副研究员，硕士生导师，2010年、2016年于北京理工大学分别获得学士、博士学位，主要从事超精密光学元件制造技术及工艺研究。Email：yun5337@163.com

王　佳（1987—），男，四川彭州人，博士，副研究员，硕士生导师，2010年于西北工业大学获得学士学位，2015年于中国科学院研究生院获得博士学位，主要从事超高精度非球面确定性加工工艺、装备研发及全频段误差加工分配、表征研究。Email：Wangj062778@qq.com

钟显云（1986—），男，海南万宁人，博士，副研究员，硕士生导师，2010年于北京理工大学获得硕士学位，2021年于中国科学院光电技术研究所获得博士学位，主要从事超精密光学元件制造技术及亚表面破坏层控制工艺研究。Email：Kktongvip@163.com

中图分类号: TG356.28
计量
- 文章访问数: 1941
- HTML全文浏览量: 849
- PDF下载量: 298
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-01-22
- 修回日期: 2021-02-22
- 网络出版日期: 2021-07-02
- 刊出日期: 2021-09-18

Research progress of elastic emission machining in optical manufacturing

LI Jia-hui^{1, 2
,},
HOU Xi^{1
, ,},
ZHANG Yun^1
,,
WANG Jia^1
,,
ZHONG Xian-yun^1
,

1.
Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: Supported by the “Young Scholars of Western China” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

More Information

Corresponding author: hxxh6776@163.com

摘要

摘要: 深紫外光刻、极紫外光刻和先进光源等现代光学工程需求牵引先进光学制造技术持续发展，要求超光滑光学元件表面粗糙度达到原子级水平以及表面全频段面形误差达到RMS(Root Mean Square)亚纳米量级甚至几十皮米，推动超光滑光学元件制造要求不断逼近物理极限。目前，对于如何实现上述超高精度要求的超光滑加工技术及装备仍然存在技术挑战。尤其对如何实现柱面，椭球面，超环面等复杂曲面的原子量级超光滑加工仍是国内外前沿研究方向。弹性发射加工技术是一种去除函数稳定，超低亚表面缺陷，面向原子级的超光滑加工方法，可以作为加工上述精度要求光学元件的手段。本文总结了弹性发射加工技术的国内外研究现状及最新进展，归纳了弹性发射加工技术的原理，包含流体特性、抛光颗粒运动特性和化学特性，弹性发射加工装备，影响弹性发射加工技术表面粗糙度提升和材料去除效率的因素，分析了弹性发射加工技术面临的问题，展望了未来的发展方向，期望为弹性发射加工技术进一步发展和应用提供一定的参考。
- 先进光学制造 /
- 超精密光学 /
- 超光滑加工技术 /
- 弹性发射加工技术
Abstract: The requirements of modern optical engineering in fields such as deep ultraviolet lithography, extreme ultraviolet lithography and advanced light sources drive the continuous development of advanced optical manufacturing technology. Modern optical engineering requires the surface roughness of ultra-smooth optical components to reach the atomic level and the surface shape profile error in the full spatial frequency to reach RMS(Root Mean Square) sub-nanometer or even a few dozen picometers. This drives the manufacturing requirements of ultra-smooth optical components to approach the processing limits. At present, there are still technical challenges to achieve the ultra-smooth polishing technology and equipment required for the above ultra-high precision needs. Atomic level ultra-smooth polishing of complex surfaces such as cylinders, ellipsoids and toroids is still a primary direction of research at both domestically and abroad. Elastic emission machining is an atomic-level ultra-smooth processing method with stable removal functionality and ultra-low subsurface defect creation, which can be used for manufacturing optical components with the above-mentioned accuracy requirements. We summarize the research progress of elastic emission machining and equipment at both domestically and abroad, the principles of elastic emission machining which contains fluid characteristics, the movement characteristics of polishing particles and chemical characteristics, the equipment of elastic emission machining, and the factors affecting the improvement of surface roughness and material removal rate of elastic emission machining. Then we analyze the problems faced by elastic emission machining and equipment and look forward to their prospects. It is expected that this paper will provide a reference for the further development and application of elastic emission machining.
- advanced optical manufacturing /
- ultra-precision optics /
- ultra-smooth polishing technology /
- elastic emission machining

HTML全文

图 1 EEM基本原理

Figure 1. The basic principle of EEM

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 抛光颗粒受力分析图

Figure 2. Force analysis diagram of polishing particles

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 抛光颗粒作用数目、动能、动能密度分布图^[26]

Figure 3. The number, kinetic energy, kinetic energy density distributions of polishing particles^[26]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 材料去除量^[27]

Figure 4. Material removal depth^[27]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 纳米抛光颗粒与光学元件的相互作用示意图^[30]

Figure 5. Interactions between surfaces of nano polishing particles and workpiece^[30]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 分子动力学模拟结构的原子区域^[32]

Figure 6. Region of atoms which is structurally optimized by molecular dynamics^[32]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 弹性发射加工装置的发展历程^{[11, 31, 36-42]}

Figure 7. The development of apparatus in EEM^{[11, 31, 36-42]}

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 影响加工表面粗糙度提升的因素^{[11, 26, 28, 44-47]}

Figure 8. Factors affecting the improvement of surface roughness in EEM^{[11, 26, 28, 44-47]}

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 光学元件旋转式EEM^[28]

Figure 9. Workpiece rotating type EEM^[28]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 双转轮式EEM加工装置^[44]

Figure 10. Illustration of dual-rotor type EEM^[44]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 弹性发射加工装备

Figure 11. EEM system equipment

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 弹性发射加工技术流体驱动方式^{[9, 19, 26, 43, 44]}

Table 1. Fluid-driven methods of elastic emission machining^{[9, 19, 26, 43, 44]}

Category		Polishing tool form	Advantage ■ and Disadvantage ●
Polishing ball type EEM	Spherical		■ It can polish curved optical components. ● It has a low material removal rate and has side leakage.
Polishing ball type EEM	Ellipsoid		■ Enlarge the interaction area and material removal rate. ■ The curvature of the tool will change, and the curved surface can be processed, which is more suitable for concave components.
Polishing wheel type EEM	Cylindrical		■ Expand the processing area, improve the material removal rate and there is no side leakage. ■ The removal function is linear, and only planes and cylinders with a single curvature can be processed.
Polishing wheel type EEM	Spherical crown		■ It can polish curved optical components.
Nozzle type EEM			■ It is easy to control and can accurately polish optical components. ■ It is not constrained by the shape of optical components.

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 用不同形状的抛光颗粒加工光学表面前后的表面质量和材料去除效率^[51]

Table 2. Surface quality and material removal rate of preprocessed and EEM processed surfaces for polishing particles with different shapes^[51]

	Preprocessed surface	Processed using spherical particles	Processed using agglomerated particles
P-V/nm	2.286	0.9360	1.412
RMS/nm	0.1940	0.0980	0.1410
Material removal rate/(nm·h⁻¹)		1.000	120.00

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 影响剪切力的因素

Table 3. Factors affecting shear stress in EEM

Parameter types	Factors
Processing parameters	Liquid film thickness. Applied load
Polishing fluid parameters	The size, surface morphology, lattice orientation and incident angle of polishing particles. Ultrapure water temperature. The viscosity and concentration of polishing fluid
Polishing tool parameters	The shape, curvature, speed, surface roughness, material elastic modulus of polishing tool
Optical component parameters	The material, lattice orientation, surface roughness, ripple, geometric parameters of optical components

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 参数与剪切力在不同状态下的关系

Table 4. The relationship of parameters with shear stress in different conditions

	IR	IE	VE
Polishing tool rotation	Negative	Positive	Positive
Polishing fluid viscosity	Negative	Positive	Positive
Pressure-viscosity coefficient	—	—	Negative
Elastic modulus	—	Positive	Positive
Polishing tool radius	Positive	Positive	Positive
Load	Positive	Positive	Positive

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 弹性发射加工技术在表面粗糙度和材料去除效率方面的研究现状^{[10, 12, 14, 24, 45, 51, 55]}

Table 5. Research status of surface roughness and material removal rates in EEM^{[10, 12, 14, 24, 45, 51, 55]}

Material	Surface roughness(RMS)	Material removal rate
Si	0.080 nm	120 nm/h
Zerodur	0.085 nm	1.25×10⁻³ mm³/h
4H-SiC	0.089 nm	−
SiC	0.640 nm	−
Fused silica	0.085 nm	−

下载: 导出CSV

map

参考文献(69)

[1]	YUMOTO H, KOYAMA T, MATSUYAMA S, et al. Ultra-high-precision surface processing techniques for nanofocusing ellipsoidal mirrors in hard X-ray region[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2014, 9206: 920605.
[2]	TAKEI Y, KUME T, MOTOYAMA H, et al. Development of a numerically controlled elastic emission machining system for fabricating mandrels of ellipsoidal focusing mirrors used in soft x-ray microscopy[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2013, 8848: 88480C.
[3]	YUMOTO H, KOYAMA T, MATSUYAMA S, et al. Ellipsoidal mirror for two-dimensional 100-nm focusing in hard X-ray region[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 16408. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16468-1
[4]	赵晨行, 卢启鹏, 宋源, 等. 自由电子光束线反射镜无应力夹持设计与分析[J]. 中国光学,2020,13(4):787-794. doi: 10.37188/CO.2019-0131 ZHAO CH X, LU Q P, SONG Y, et al. Design and analysis of stress-free clamping of mirrors used in free-electron laser beamlines[J]. Chinese Optics, 2020, 13(4): 787-794. (in Chinese) doi: 10.37188/CO.2019-0131
[5]	SIEWERT F, BUCHHEIM J, GWALT G, et al. On the characterization of a 1 m long, ultra-precise KB-focusing mirror pair for European XFEL by means of slope measuring deflectometry[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2019, 90(2): 021713. doi: 10.1063/1.5065473
[6]	WEISER M. Ion beam figuring for lithography optics[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B:Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2009, 267(8-9): 1390-1393. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2009.01.051
[7]	LIN B, JIANG X M, CAO ZH CH, et al. Novel disc hydrodynamic polishing process and tool for high-efficiency polishing of ultra-smooth surfaces[J]. Micromachines, 2018, 9(7): 333. doi: 10.3390/mi9070333
[8]	袁巨龙, 吴喆, 吕冰海, 等. 非球面超精密抛光技术研究现状[J]. 机械工程学报,2012,48(23):167-177. doi: 10.3901/JME.2012.23.167 YUAN J L, WU ZH, LÜ B H, et al. Review on ultra-precision polishing technology of aspheric surface[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2012, 48(23): 167-177. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3901/JME.2012.23.167
[9]	YAMAMURA K, MIMURA H, YAMAUCHI K, et al. Aspheric surface fabrication in nm-level accuracy by numerically controlled plasma chemical vaporization machining (CVM) and elastic emission machining (EEM)[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2002, 4782: 265-270. doi: 10.1117/12.453749
[10]	KANAOKA M, TAKINO H, NOMURA K, et al. Removal properties of low-thermal-expansion materials with rotating-sphere elastic emission machining[J]. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2007, 8(3): 170-172. doi: 10.1016/j.stam.2006.12.003
[11]	彭文强. 基于材料弹性域去除的超光滑表面加工关键技术研究[D]. 长沙: 国防科学技术大学, 2014. PENG W Q. Study on the key technology of ultrasmooth surface fabrication based on the material removal in elastic mode[D]. Changsha: Graduate School of National University of Defense Technology, 2014. (in Chinese)
[12]	KUBOTA A, SHINBAYASHI Y, MIMURA H, et al. Investigation of the surface removal process of silicon carbide in elastic emission machining[J]. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2007, 36(1): 92-97. doi: 10.1007/s11664-006-0006-3
[13]	PENG W Q, LI SH Y, GUAN CH L, et al. Improvement of magnetorheological finishing surface quality by nanoparticle jet polishing[J]. Optical Engineering, 2013, 52(4): 043401. doi: 10.1117/1.OE.52.4.043401
[14]	KUBOTA A, MIMURA H, INAGAKI K, et al. Preparation of ultrasmooth and defect-free 4H-SiC(0001) surfaces by elastic emission machining[J]. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2005, 34(4): 439-443. doi: 10.1007/s11664-005-0124-3
[15]	HIRATA T, TAKEI Y, MIMURA H. Machining property in smoothing of steeply curved surfaces by elastic emission machining[J]. Procedia CIRP, 2014, 13: 198-202. doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2014.04.034
[16]	SIDPARA A. Elastic Emission Machining[M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2017.
[17]	MORI Y, TSUWA H, SUGIYAMA K. EEM (Elastic Emission Machining) (1st Report): concept of EEM and its feasibility[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1977, 43(509): 542-548. doi: 10.2493/jjspe1933.43.542
[18]	TURNER T. Superpolished optics enable high-sensitivity laser applications[EB/OL]. https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Superpolished_Optics_Enable_High-Sensitivity/a52258.
[19]	KIM J D. Motion analysis of powder particles in EEM using cylindrical polyurethane wheel[J]. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2002, 42(1): 21-28. doi: 10.1016/S0890-6955(01)00095-5
[20]	MORI Y, IKAWA N, OKUDA T, et al. Numerically controlled elastic emission machining: motion analysis of fluid and distribution of film thickness[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1983, 49(11): 1540-1548. doi: 10.2493/jjspe1933.49.1540
[21]	ZHANG L H, WANG J L, ZHANG J. Super-smooth surface fabrication technique and experimental research[J]. Applied Optics, 2012, 51(27): 6612-6617. doi: 10.1364/AO.51.006612
[22]	CAO ZH CH, LIN B, JIANG X M, et al. Flow field analysis of the thin fluid film in disc hydrodynamic polishing[J]. Procedia CIRP, 2018, 77: 363-366. doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2018.09.036
[23]	KANAOKA M, TAKINO H, NOMURA K, et al.. Factors affecting changes in removal rate of elastic emission machining[C]. Proceedings of ASPE 2008 Annual Meeting and the Twelfth ICPE, 2008: 615-618.
[24]	KANAOKA M, LIU CH L, NOMURA K, et al. Processing efficiency of elastic emission machining for low-thermal-expansion material[J]. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2008, 40(6-7): 1002-1006. doi: 10.1002/sia.2818
[25]	徐兴芹. 弹性发射加工中磨粒群运动特性的研究[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2013. XU X Q. Study of behaviour of particle group movement in elastic emission machining[D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2013. (in Chinese)
[26]	MORI Y. Elastic emission machining and its surface[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1980, 46(6): 659-666. doi: 10.2493/jjspe1933.46.659
[27]	MORI Y, OKUDA T, SUGIYAMA K, et al. Numerically controlled elastic emission machining: consideration of machining property by motion analysis of powder particle in fluid[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1985, 51(5): 1033-1039. doi: 10.2493/jjspe1933.51.1033
[28]	KANAOKA M, NOMURA K, YAMAUCHI K, et al.. Efficiency-enhanced elastic emission machining on the basis of processing mechanism[C]. Proceedings of the 12th Euspen International Conference, 2012: 193-196.
[29]	KANAOKA M, NOMURA K, YAMAUCHI K, et al. Powder particle behavior at the processing point of elastic emission machining[J]. The Proceedings of the Manufacturing &Machine Tool Conference, 2012, 9: 143-144.
[30]	YAMAUCHI K, HIROSE K, GOTO H, et al. First-principles simulations of removal process in EEM (Elastic Emission Machining)[J]. Computational Materials Science, 1999, 14(1-4): 232-235. doi: 10.1016/S0927-0256(98)00112-8
[31]	MORI Y, YAMAUCHI K, ENDO K. Elastic emission machining[J]. Precision Engineering, 1987, 9(3): 123-128. doi: 10.1016/0141-6359(87)90029-8
[32]	INAGAKI K, YAMAUCHI K, MIMURA H, et al. First-principles evaluations of machinability dependency on powder material in elastic emission machining[J]. Materials Transactions, 2001, 42(11): 2290-2294. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.42.2290
[33]	PENG W Q, GUAN CH L, LI SH Y. Efficient fabrication of ultrasmooth and defect-free quartz glass surface by hydrodynamic effect polishing combined with ion beam figuring[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(11): 13951-13961. doi: 10.1364/OE.22.013951
[34]	宋孝宗. 纳米颗粒胶体射流抛光机理及试验研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2010. SONG X Z. Research on mechanism and experiments of nanoparticle colloid jet polishing[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2010. (in Chinese)
[35]	PENG W Q, GUAN CH L, LI SH Y. Defect-free surface of quartz glass polished in elastic mode by chemical impact reaction[J]. Journal of Central South University, 2014, 21(12): 4438-4444. doi: 10.1007/s11771-014-2446-x
[36]	何宗海, 赵永彬. JP-25型重力式平衡机原理——兼讨论十字弹簧特性[J]. 试验技术与试验机,1984(4):10-17, 72. HE Z H, ZHAO Y B. The principle of JP-25 gravity balancing machine-discussing the characteristics of cross spring[J]. Engineering and Testing, 1984(4): 10-17, 72. (in Chinese)
[37]	MORI Y. Polishing device: Japan, 62-088565A[P]. 1987-04-23.
[38]	MORI Y. Polishing device: Japan, 62-199353A[P]. 1987-09-03.
[39]	张富. 弹性约束游离磨料超光滑表面加工技术的研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2007. ZHANG F. Study on elastically constrained and dissociated abrasive polishing for ultra-smooth surfaces[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2007. (in Chinese)
[40]	朱崇涛. 液流悬浮超光滑加工机理及抛光动压力的研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2007. ZHU CH T. Study on principle of hydrodynamic suspension ultra-smooth machining and dynamic pressure of polishing[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2007. (in Chinese)
[41]	张恩忠. 液流悬浮超光滑加工不同材料的对比研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2006. ZHANG E ZH. Contrastive investigation into hydrodynamic suspension ultra-smooth processing different material[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2006. (in Chinese)
[42]	WANG J L, WANG SH ZH, LIU J, et al.. Polishing device for fork type support: CN, WO2013091208A1[P]. 2013-06-27.
[43]	王君, 金春水, 王丽萍, 等. 一种用于弹性发射加工的工具轮: 中国, 105563271A[P]. 2016-05-11. WANG J, JIN CH SH, WANG L P, et al.. Tool wheels used for elastic emission machining: CN, 105563271A[P]. 2016-05-11. (in Chinese)
[44]	李庆宇. 基于流体动力润滑效应的双转弹性发射加工技术研究[D]. 长沙: 国防科学技术大学, 2015. LI Q Y. Study on the technology of elastic emission machining with dual-rotor based on hydrodynamic lubrication[D]. Changsha: Graduate School of National University of Defense Technology, 2015. (in Chinese)
[45]	MORI Y, YAMAUCHI Y, YAMAMURA K, et al. Development of plasma chemical vaporization machining and elastic emission machining systems for coherent X-ray optics[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2001, 4501: 30-42. doi: 10.1117/12.448496
[46]	YAMAUCHI K, KATAOKA T, ENDO K, et al. A study on EEM (Elastic Emission Machining): influences of dissolved oxygen to Si wafer surface[J]. Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, 1998, 64(6): 907-912. doi: 10.2493/jjspe.64.907
[47]	MORI Y, IKAWA N, SUGIYAMA K, et al. Elastic Emission Machining (2nd Report): stress field and feasibility of introduction and activation of lattice defect[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1985, 51(6): 1187-1194. doi: 10.2493/jjspe1933.51.1187
[48]	KUBOTA A, MIMURA H, INAGAKI K, et al. Morphological stability of Si(001) surface immersed in fluid mixture of ultrapure water and silica powder particles in elastic emission machining[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2005, 44(8R): 5893-5897.
[49]	宋辞, 李圣怡, 李庆宇, 等. 一种用于获取超光滑表面的双转轮式弹性发射加工装置: 中国, 105345640A[P]. 2016-02-24. SONG C, LI SH Y, LI Q Y, et al.. Double-turning-wheel type elastic emission machining device used for obtaining super-smooth surface: CN, 105345640A[P]. 2016-02-24. (in Chinese)
[50]	SU Y T, WANG S Y, CHAO P Y, et al. Investigation of elastic emission machining process: lubrication effects[J]. Precision Engineering, 1995, 17(3): 164-172. doi: 10.1016/0141-6359(94)00014-Q
[51]	KUBOTA A, MIMURA H, INAGAKI K, et al. Effect of particle morphology on removal rate and surface topography in elastic emission machining[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2006, 153(9): G874. doi: 10.1149/1.2220068
[52]	PENG W Q, GUAN CH L, LI SH Y. Ultrasmooth surface polishing based on the hydrodynamic effect[J]. Applied Optics, 2013, 52(25): 6411-6416. doi: 10.1364/AO.52.006411
[53]	彭文强, 关朝亮, 胡旭东, 等. 流体动压超光滑加工关键工艺参数优化[J]. 国防科技大学学报,2017,39(4):179-184. doi: 10.11887/j.cn.201704028 PENG W Q, GUAN CH L, HU X D, et al. Key process parameters optimization of hydrodynamic effect polishing[J]. Journal of National University of Defense Technology, 2017, 39(4): 179-184. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11887/j.cn.201704028
[54]	TAKEI Y, MIMURA H. Effect of focusing flow on stationary spot machining properties in elastic emission machining[J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2013, 8(1): 237. doi: 10.1186/1556-276X-8-237
[55]	TAKINO H, KANAOKA M, NOMURA K. Ultraprecision machining of optical surfaces[C]. Proceedings of International Symposium on Ultraprecision Engineering and Nanotechnology, 2011: 5-10.
[56]	OHASHI H, TSUMURA T, OKADA H, et al. Microstitching interferometer and relative angle determinable stitching interferometer for half-meter-long X-ray mirror[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2007, 6704: 670405. doi: 10.1117/12.733476
[57]	LAUNDY D, SAWHNEY K, NISTEA I, et al. Development of a multi-lane X-ray mirror providing variable beam sizes[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2016, 87(5): 051802. doi: 10.1063/1.4950732
[58]	DA SILVA J C, PACUREANU A, YANG Y, et al. Efficient concentration of high-energy X-rays for diffraction-limited imaging resolution[J]. Optica, 2017, 4(5): 492-495. doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.4.000492
[59]	WEN M W, KOZHEVNIKOV I V, SIEWERT F, et al. Effect of the surface roughness on X-ray absorption by mirrors operating at extremely small grazing angles[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(16): 21003-21018. doi: 10.1364/OE.26.021003
[60]	YAMAUCHI K, YAMAMURA K, MIMURA H, et al. Two-dimensional submicron focusing of hard X-rays by two elliptical mirrors fabricated by plasma chemical vaporization machining and elastic emission machining[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2003, 42(11R): 7129-7134.
[61]	MORI Y, YAMAUCHI K, YAMAMURA K, et al. Fabrication technology of hard X-ray aspherical mirror optics and application to nanospectroscopy[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2004, 5193: 11-17. doi: 10.1117/12.515127
[62]	YAMAUCHI K, YAMAMURA K, MIMURA H, et al. Fabrication technology of ultraprecise mirror optics to realize hard X-ray nanobeam[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2004, 5533: 116-123. doi: 10.1117/12.567501
[63]	MIMURA H, YUMOTO H, MATSUYAMA S, et al. Surface figuring and measurement methods with spatial resolution close to 0.1 mm for X-ray mirror fabrication[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2005, 5921: 59210M. doi: 10.1117/12.623103
[64]	YUMOTO H, MIMURA H, KOYAMA T, et al. Focusing of X-ray free-electron laser pulses with reflective optics[J]. Nature Photonics, 2013, 7(1): 43-47. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.306
[65]	TAKEI Y, MIMURA H. Development of surface profiler for master mandrel of X-ray ellipsoidal mirror[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2016, 9962: 99620C.
[66]	MATSUYAMA S, YASUDA S, YAMADA J, et al. 50-nm-resolution full-field X-ray microscope without chromatic aberration using total-reflection imaging mirrors[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 46358. doi: 10.1038/srep46358
[67]	张帅, 侯溪. K-B镜面形高精度检测技术研究进展[J]. 中国光学,2020,13(4):660-675. doi: 10.37188/CO.2019-0231 ZHANG SH, HOU X. Research progress of high-precision surface metrology of a K-B mirror[J]. Chinese Optics, 2020, 13(4): 660-675. (in Chinese) doi: 10.37188/CO.2019-0231
[68]	KANAOKA M, HIGUCHI T, YAMAMOTO T, et al.. Ultra-precision surface polishing technologies achieved in the field of ultraviolet optics[C]. Optical Design and Fabrication 2017, Optical Society of America, 2017.
[69]	MURAKAMI K, OSHINO T, KONDO H, et al. Development progress of optics for extreme ultraviolet lithography at Nikon[J]. Journal of Micro/Nanolithography,MEMS,and MOEMS, 2009, 8(4): 041507. doi: 10.1117/1.3238522